China's gem and jade craftsmanship has long been celebrated, with both local and imported raw materials contributing to its rich heritage. The finished products have been exported globally, earning the title of "Oriental Craft." Throughout history, Chinese artisans developed deep knowledge in evaluating jade quality and refining techniques. Their detailed descriptions of precious stones, minerals, and handicrafts reflect a profound understanding and appreciation of these materials.
In terms of assessing the value of gems and jade, traditional Chinese criteria focus on three key aspects: luster, color, and character (or "sex"). Luster, also known as "fire" or "Baoguang," refers to the light reflected from a gemstone when exposed to light. A bright and clear luster is considered highly desirable. Color plays a vital role as well, with vibrant and varied hues enhancing the beauty of the stone. For example, opals are renowned for their colorful play of light.
The term "character" refers to the unique features that define a gem’s authenticity and quality. This includes properties like hardness, luster, and special optical effects such as the cat’s eye effect in chalcedony or the star effect in sapphires. In some contexts, "character" may refer to the crystalline structure of the stone, while in others, it might describe internal flaws or imperfections such as softness, rigidity, or fractures.
When discussing defects in gems and jade, several terms are commonly used. "Liu" refers to cracks or fractures within the stone, which can vary in size, shape, and color. Examples include "Tongtian Liu," "Piao Liu," and "Cross Liu," all of which can affect the overall quality of the gem. "Mian" describes small, fibrous inclusions that resemble cotton-like structures, reducing clarity. "Line" refers to linear imperfections or "legs" that run through the stone, impacting its visual appeal.
Other important terms include "pit," which originally referred to mining areas but later came to denote transparency and quality. "Species" relates to the balance between color and transparency, with terms like "old species" indicating rich, transparent stones and "new species" suggesting fresher, less translucent ones. "Water head" measures the depth of light penetration, directly affecting the stone’s clarity.
"Land sub" refers to the non-green components of jadeite, often compared to familiar objects like glass or egg yolk. Green, or "green," is one of the most critical factors in evaluating jadeite, with various shades such as "Green Glass," "Brilliant Green," and "Rouge Green" being highly valued. "Snow flakes" are fibrous crystals that appear as small, reflective specks, while "Shinao" refers to white, cotton-like impurities. "Black" describes dark spots or streaks, often seen as undesirable.
Finally, there are terms like "mountain jade," referring to raw material directly mined from the earth, and "seed jade," which is smooth and rounded, typically found in riverbeds. "Mountain stream jade" falls between the two, having been partially worn by water. The practice of "opening the door" involves cutting open a piece of jade to reveal its inner quality, a technique once crucial in trade and still significant today.
This intricate system of evaluation and terminology highlights the deep cultural and historical significance of jade in China, reflecting centuries of craftsmanship and tradition.
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