Gem and jade terms commonly used to describe gem and jade

China's gem and jade craftsmanship has long been celebrated for its artistry and cultural significance. The raw materials used in these creations are both locally sourced and imported, with finished products being exported globally, earning the title of "Oriental Craft." Throughout history, Chinese artisans have developed a deep understanding of jade quality and processing techniques, leaving behind rich descriptions of precious stones, minerals, and handicrafts that remain vivid and insightful to this day. Jade and Hetian jade have historically dominated China’s artistic heritage. While emeralds are often imported from Burma, Hetian jade is primarily mined in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. This geographical distinction has influenced the terminology used in describing these gems, with many terms rooted in the characteristics of jade and Hetian jade themselves. In evaluating the value of gemstones and jade, three key factors are considered: light, color, and "sex." Light, also known as "fire" or "Baoguang," refers to the sparkle or reflection of light on the surface of a gem. A bright, lively glow is highly desirable. Color describes the visual effect when light interacts with the stone, producing vibrant hues—Opal, for example, is known for its dazzling array of colors. "Sex" refers to the essential qualities that define a gem, such as hardness, luster, and unique optical effects like the cat’s eye or star effect. In some contexts, it also refers to the crystalline structure or internal flaws of the stone, which can affect its overall quality. Defects in gems and jade are commonly described using terms like "Liu," "Mian," and "Xian." "Liu" refers to cracks or fractures, which come in various types such as "Tongtian Liu" (heavenly crack) or "Black Willow." These defects can significantly impact the gem's value. "Mian" describes small, fibrous inclusions resembling cotton, while "Xian" refers to linear imperfections, often called "legs." Other important terms include "Pit," which originally referred to mining areas but now also denotes transparency. "Species" relates to the balance of color and clarity, with terms like "old species" indicating high transparency and rich color. "Water head" measures how well light passes through the stone, with longer water heads indicating better clarity. "Land sub" refers to non-green varieties of jadeite, often compared to familiar objects like glass or egg whites. "Green" is one of the most critical features of jade, with names like "Green Glass" or "Rouge Green" used to describe different shades and intensities. "Snow flakes" refer to fibrous crystals that appear as small, reflective specks, while "Shinao" describes white, cotton-like impurities. "Black" refers to dark spots or lines, often seen as undesirable. Terms like "Mountain Jade," "Seed Jade," and "Mountain Stream Jade" classify different types based on their origin and shape. Finally, "Opening the door" refers to the practice of cutting open a piece of jade to assess its inner quality, especially when the exterior does not reveal its true value. This technique was once risky, with traders risking everything in hopes of uncovering valuable material beneath the surface.

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