In the development of Chinese jade, the Qing Dynasty should be the heyday of Chinese jade making. It inherits the traditional jade technology and fashion of thousands of years, and it has created the outstanding achievements of the ancient and innovative craftsmanship, creating countless outstanding works. .
Its beauty of jade, the quality of its workmanship, the beauty of its design, the wonders of its styling, and its wide range of uses are unprecedented. At the same time, due to the Emperor Qianlong's love for Yucheng, he spared no effort to promote and collect the old collections and create new varieties, so that the jade production in the Qing Dynasty, especially during the Qianlong period, reached the peak of the history of Chinese jade carving.
In addition to the production of traditional Chinese jade articles, Qianlong also introduced and imitated the jade art of the outer domain, the most famous of which was the trace of the Stan jade.
What is the trace of the Stan jade
The Mark Durstein refers to the Mughal Empire founded in 1526–1858. Its territory includes today's northern India, Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan, as well as "Wendustan" and "Surfacen". Later, the Emperor Qianlong pronounced it in Tibetan and halal, and personally verified it and confirmed the translation as "Study."
The traces of the Stan jade are quite important for the courts of the Qing Dynasty. Emperor Qianlong has repeatedly praised poetry. Ji Xiaolan’s "Notes on Reading the Weed Cottage" also records "the jade of today's jade, with the first of the traces of Stan", which shows that The history of jade articles in the Qing Dynasty has an important position.
The style characteristics of the traces of the Stan jade
1, excellent materials
Most of the traces of Stan are made of jade and jade in southern Xinjiang. The jade is fine and the texture is warm. Through the light, you can see that there are cotton or dot-like inclusions inside. The tracer of the Stan jade is like a solid color jade carving, that is, one color, especially the use of green jade, white jade or jasper, which is in stark contrast with the traditional Chinese jade.
2, the style is chic
There are two main types of stalks and jade wares. There are bowls, cups, plates, pots, etc. in the food class. There are bottles, cans, boxes, stationery, incense burners, etc. The common jade, jade, and jade in Chinese traditional jade are few. The shape of the snail jade is also quite special. It is often composed of animals and flowers. Some objects are completely a blooming flower or an olive leaf. The stalk is multi-round carved into a flower bud or a tangled stem, such as a sunflower disk. Lotus bowls are extremely common. Others use different animal ears or animal horns to make objects that are realistic, delicate and novel. The ears, ears and ears of the utensils are also symmetrically arranged. The bottom of the utensil and the outer part of the foot are shaped or made of flowers, or as petals, or in the shape of leaves.
3, unique decoration
The most obvious feature is that because of the local climate and natural conditions, as well as the customs and habits, the ornamentation on the object has obvious exotic colors. The mosaic pattern is the main pattern of the traces of the sect of jade, and the flowers and plants are mainly 莨, è‹•, and lotus. “莨†is the wild geese, commonly known as “the tiger's claw grassâ€; “苕†is the “苇花â€, also known as “凌霄â€, “紫葳â€; the “莲†is not the lotus in our common pond. It is a terrestrial passionflower and clematis. Commonly used in the combination flower is chrysanthemum, in addition to sunflower, broken flowers, etc., followed by banana leaves, phoenix grass, and foxtail. These are local endemic plant varieties. Traditional jargon refers to these flowers and plants collectively as "Xianghua and Herbs." The pattern is composed of flowers, flowers, and leaves, and some of them form layers of flowers and leaves, paying attention to the symmetrical layout, showing a leafy and flowery scene.
4, exquisite workmanship
Chinese jade articles often win with good quality and beauty, while the traces of Stan jade not only use multi-level bas-relief to capture the wonders of nature, but also to enhance the decorative effect, often using colorful mosaic to create a gorgeous and noble atmosphere. It is mainly inlaid with gold and silver on the jade to form a beautiful pattern, making the jade more magnificent, and also directly depicting the pattern of gold powder. The process is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
(1) The carving work is complicated and the grinding is meticulous. The traces of the Stan jade are made up of various combinations of embossing, round carving and hollow carving. The pattern of the mosaic is based on the pattern of the embossed embossing technique, that is, the pattern is first embossed when engraving, and then the embossing is embossed to form a visual contrast of the embossing, which enhances the artistic expression, so the artifacts are worn to scar and smash. Very fine, the Qianlong Emperor once recited poems as "fine as hairy, no axe and chisel", which is a high praise for his carvings.
(2) Inlaid decoration, rich and gorgeous. The surface of the Mark Stan jade is not as smooth and smooth as the Chinese jade, or it is only decorated with a embossed embossed stone. Instead, the delicate gold or silver wire is used to trace the outline of the pattern, showing the beauty of the object. In addition, the traces of the Stan jade are inlaid with various glass, precious stones, gold and silver tablets or jade pieces. This is totally different from the elegant meaning of the traditional Chinese culture.
(3) The object is thin and the craft is superb. The trace of the Stan jade uses water-grinding technology, which is exquisite and thin, and it is awesome. A large number of jade bowls, plates, cups, etc. are thin and thin. The outer transmissive wall can see the color of the material contained in the device, and the inner permeator wall can see various patterns on the outer wall. This novel jade, due to the thin carcass, is light and clever in the hand, and has a sense of lightness. As the Emperor Qianlong praised: "There is no object in the hand, and the eyes are fixed and tangible." "Thinner than paper is lighter than é“¢", "Fu outside the shadow." It also has another feature, which can be floated on the water and will not sink into the water, so it is called "water floating". This kind of pursuit of jade thin tires, transparent craftsmanship is a major feature of the traces of the Stan jade. This thin tire engraving process is difficult and technical, because the thin tire has a thin body and low strength, and is easily broken during the manufacturing process. The authors must be highly skilled in the production process and implement strict technical procedures. In ancient times, the means of jade bottle utensils was a stunt. The jade carving craftsman needed to hollow out the solid jade material along with the shape of the object. The thickness of the body wall was only one or two millimeters. It can be seen that this process is difficult.
The influence of the traces of Stan jade on Chinese jade
At present, there are two kinds of old jade articles in the Qing Palace that we have seen in the Qing Palace. One is for the year and the other is for the imitation of the artisans. Although Emperor Qianlong believed that the trace jade was "thinly woven, good craftsmanship, non-Zhongyuan jade people can seem to be." But in order to satisfy his interest in playing, he still wanted to make a copy of the Ruyi Museum. However, the imitation of many years is called "Xi Fan Zuo". At that time, the special workshops in Suzhou also had imitations. These imitation jade articles do not copy the traces of the jade jade, but absorb the advantages of unique shape, smooth pattern and thin carcass. Combining the traditional methods of Chinese crafts, they create jade articles with the style of Xifan. Through comparison with the western sect of the sect of the West, the court's imitation of "Xi Fan Zuo", although the sidewall of some utensils is also very thin, but overall it is still slightly thicker, the material is mainly the superior white jade or topaz produced by Hetian. . These Chinese and Western jade articles directly affect the production style of Chinese jade. Most modern jade wares are of Chinese style, while the decorative patterns are Western-style, which shows that their influence is far-reaching.
Market situation of the traces of Stan jade
In the nearly 50 years from the 33rd year of Emperor Qianlong to the 22nd year of Jiaqing (1768-1817), all the places tribute to the court for at least 800 pieces of traces of jade jade. At the same time, the foreign ministers of the Qing court also purchased some jade articles and dedicated them to the Emperor Qianlong. The traced Stein-style jade was easily damaged due to the consumption of materials and was used in the late Qianlong period. The most exquisite of the traces of the Stan Jade collection in the Qing Palace are concentrated in the Forbidden City, the Qing Palace and the Yuanmingyuan Temple. Since the Qing Dynasty was burned by a fire before Qianlong’s return to politics, Qianlong’s antiques collected in the past 60 years and a large part of the fine art at that time were burned down, and then a number of fine works were collected from various halls. Stored in the rebuilt Kanggan Palace. The Yuanmingyuan was set on fire by the British and French coalition forces, and the traces of the Stan jade were naturally unfortunate. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the original sacred jade wares of the Palace Museum were shipped to Taiwan with other classical works of art, and are now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. At present, only a small number of traces of Stan jade are in the hands of museums or private collectors. Therefore, the exquisite traces of the Stan jade are hard to see on the market, and those who have the conditions to enter the auction are even less. From the auction records, in the past 10 years, the proportion of the traces of the jade jade in the jade auction is not very large, the transaction price has gradually increased from less than 100,000 yuan, and has now exceeded one million yuan. In comparison, the price trend of the Mark Stan jade is still relatively stable, collectors should polish their eyes, and it is better to choose the best products in the real thing.
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